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stroke. This is referred to as Stroke Volume or the amount of blood ejected from each ventricle of the
heart during one stroke. Cardiac Output is a measure of the amount of blood pumped through each
ventricle in one minute. Vital Capacity is the volume of air that can forcibly ejected from the lungs in a
single expiration. Aerobic activity provides a Training Effect on Vital Capacity, Stroke Volume and Cardiac
Output. By definition an artery carries blood away from the heart while veins carry blood toward the heart.
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Kinesiology
Anatomy
Bones provide attachment points and support for muscles. Bones are connected together by fibrous tissue
called Ligaments. Tendons are also fibrous tissue and attach muscle to bone. Both have some elasticity
and do not heal on their own if torn. An inflamed tendon is called tendonitis and is caused by
overstretching the tendon. Cartilage is also fibrous tissue but is not elastic. Cartilage is used to cushion
the junction of two bones.
The body is divided into three anatomical planes the Frontal, Sagittal and Horizontal. The Frontal plane
divides the body from front to back. The Sagittal plane divides the body down the center or vertically. The
Horizontal plane divides upper and lower. The table below lists the anatomical term and the corresponding
description.
ANATOMICAL TERM DESCRIPTION
Anterior front
Posterior back
Medial inside
Lateral outside
Supine face up
Unilateral one side
Bilateral both sides
Prone face down
Superior upper
Inferior lower
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Muscle Action
The three types of muscle contraction are Isometric, Isotonic, and Isokinetic. Isometric is defined as that
type of contraction where muscle tension and muscle length remain constant. This type of exercise
provides muscle strength gains but only at the joint angle held during the exercise. Isotonic contraction is
defined as that where the muscle tension remains constant and muscle length varies. Isokinetic
contraction is defined as varying tension and length.
In each exercise there are four main functions of the associated muscles, Agonists (prime movers),
Antagonists, Stabilizers and Assistors. The Agonists is generally the muscle we are exercising. The
Antagonist is the opposing muscle and acts in contrast to the agonist. The Stabilizer muscles are those
that hold a joint in place so that the exercise may be performed. The Assistors help the Agonist muscle
doing the work. The stabilizer muscles are not necessarily moving during exercise, but provide stationary
support.
For example, when doing biceps curls, the biceps are the agonists, the triceps are the antagonists and
various muscles including the deltoids are the stabilizer muscles. However, when doing a triceps push
down, now the triceps are the agonists and the biceps are the antagonists. Again the deltoid muscles are
the stabilizer muscles. The agonist/antagonist relationship changes depending on which muscle is
expected to do the work. However, every muscle group has an opposing muscle group. The following
table lists muscles and their opposing counterparts:
AGONIST (Prime Mover) ANTAGONIST
Biceps Triceps
Deltoids Latissimus Dorsi
Pectoralis Major Trapezius/Rhomboids
Rectus Abdominis Erector Spinae
Iliopsoas Gluteus Maximus
Quadriceps Hamstrings
Hip Adductor Gluteus Medius
Tibialis Anterior Gastrocnemius
In reference to Agonist and Antagonist, this above list could easily be reversed when exercising the
muscles in the right hand column. Muscle balance is that relationship between the Agonist and
Antagonist. It is important to have muscle balance to prevent injury. If the Agonist is much stronger than
the Antagonist is, the Agonist can overpower and injure the Antagonist.
Tendons are made up of fibrous tissue and connect muscle to bone. Tendonitis is an inflammation of the
tendon due to overuse. A stretching or tearing of the tendon is referred to as a strain. A strain is a muscle
or tendon injury.
Ligaments are also fibrous tissue and connect bone to bone. They are less flexible than tendons. The
function of ligaments is to restrict the joint movement within normal parameters. When a ligament is over
stretched or torn it is called a sprain. Since ligaments don't have a vascular system, they may take a very
long time to repair or may never return to their original length. This can cause abnormal joint movement
and even cartilage and bone wear due to this unrestricted movement.
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Joint Action
Joints provide a fulcrum point for muscles to do work. There are six types of joint action:
JOINT ACTION MOVEMENT DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE MOVEMENT
Flexion decreasing joint angle Biceps Curl
Extension increasing joint angle Triceps Extension
Abduction movement away from body centerline Lateral Raises (Deltoids)
Adduction movement toward body centerline Horizontal Flyes (Pectorals) [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]