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40. The Icelandic struggle for independence started in the 1830s but can be
said to have concluded with the Act of Union in 1918. In that Act, which was
negotiated between the parliaments of Iceland and Denmark, Iceland was
declared a free and sovereign state, sharing king and foreign service with
Denmark; see ibid., 12 13.
41. Einar Olgeirsson,  Sögusýningin (The historical exhibition), in Lýðvel-
dishátíðin 1944, 386 87.
42.  Að gefa þjóðinni sögu (To give the nation a history), Ný saga 3 (1989):
33.
43.  Hefur söguþjóðin týnt sögunni? (Has the saga nation lost its history?),
Þjóðviljinn, 4 May 1986.
44. See Gunnar Karlsson,  Sögukennslu-skammdegið 1983 1984 (The
midwinter debates on the teaching of history, 1983 1984), Tímarit Máls og
menningar 45 (1984): 405 15.
45. Arnór Hannibalsson,  Um sögu og menntastefnu (On history and
educational policy), Morgunblaðið, 7 Dec. 1983, 25.
46. See, for example,  Hver er þessi Jón? (Who is this Jón?), Storð 2, no. 1
(1984): 21 28.
47. Guðmundur Magnússon,  Uppreisn gegn Íslandssögu (Revolt against
Icelandic history) Morgunblaðið, 28 Jan. 1984, 12 13.
48. Margeirsson, Þjóð á Þingvöllum, 36 37.
49. Eric Hobsbawm,  Introduction: Inventing Traditions, in Hobsbawm and
Ranger, eds., The Invention of Tradition, 10 11.
50. Margeirsson, Þjóð á Þingvöllum, 48 49.
51. Ernest Lavisse, ed., Histoire de France contemporaine depuis la Révolution
jusqu à la paix de 1919, vol. 9 (Paris, 1922), 511. See also Mona Ozouf,
 Fédération, in François Furet and Mona Ozouf, eds., Dictionnaire critique de
la Révolution française: Événements (Paris, 1992), 177 91.
52. Gellner, Nations and Nationalism.
53. Anthony Giddens, The Consequences of Modernity (Stanford, 1990), 13
(original emphasis).
54. Pierre Nora,  Nation, in Furet and Ozouf, eds., Dictionnaire critique de
la Révolution française: Idées (Paris, 1992), 339.
55. Cyril E. Black, The Dynamics of Modernization: A Study in Comparative
History (New York, 1966), 155, 167. See also Smith, National Identity, 145.
56. Anthony D. Smith, Nationalism in the Twentieth Century (Oxford, 1979),
3.
57. Nora,  Nation, 339.
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Þingvellir
58. See, for example, Anthony Giddens, The Nation-State and Violence
(Cambridge, 1985), 116 21, 209 21.
59. This is the claim that  nations were primordial entities embedded in
human nature and history that were objectively identifiable through their
distinctive way of life (e.g. through language, history, education, religion), their
attachment to a territorial homeland, and their striving for political autonomy.
John Hutchinson, Modern Nationalism (London, 1994), 3.
60.  It is not a question of merging the States, to create a super State, writes
Robert Schumann about his vision of European cooperation in his autobiogra-
phy.  Our European States are a historical reality; it would be psychologically
impossible to eliminate them. Pour l Europe (Paris, 1963), 24.
61. See, for example, Alfred Cobban, National Self-Determination (Oxford,
1945), 73 74.
62. Anthony D. Smith, Nations and Nationalism in a Global Era (Cambridge,
1995), 19 25.
63. Eugen Weber, Peasants into Frenchmen: The Modernization of Rural
France, 1870 1914 (Stanford, 1976).
64. Yasmin Nuhoglu Soysal,  Changing Citizenship in Europe: Remarks on
Postnational Membership and the National State, in David Cesarani and Mary
Fulbrook, eds., Citizenship, Nationality and Migration in Europe (London,
1996), 17 29.
65. Gillis,  Memory and Identity, 20.
66. Giddens, The Nation-State and Violence, 221.
67. On Versailles, see Édouard Pommier,  Versailles, l image du souverain,
in Nora, ed., Les lieux de mémoire, 1:1253 81, and Hélène Himelfarb,
 Versailles, fonctions et légendes, in ibid., 1283 329.
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